Polifarmácia, medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados e a vulnerabilidade de pessoas idosas / Polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications, and the vulnerability of older adults

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a frequência de polifarmácia e prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) segundo os Critérios de Beers e CBMPI em pessoas idosas com vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal onde analisou-se os prontuários de 496 participantes com 60 anos ou mais, atendidos em primeira consulta em uma Policlínica Gerontológica. Os dados sociodemográficos, medicamentos, e o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional 20 (IVCF-20) e quedas foram extraídos dos prontuários. A polifarmácia foi definida como o uso simultâneo de cinco ou mais medicamentos. Os participantes foram classificados em três grupos: robusto, em risco e vulnerável. Resultados A análise demonstrou que 69 (13,91%) dos participantes faziam uso de polifarmácia. Entre os usuários de polifarmácia, 40 (57,97%) faziam uso de pelo menos um MPI. Os MPIs mais encontrados foram a glibenclamida e o omeprazol, respectivamente. Pessoas idosas com vulnerabilidade apresentaram um risco três vezes maior de apresentar polifarmácia (RP 3,59; IC95% 2,109-6,092). Conclusão O uso de polifarmácia e MPI neste estudo estavam associados à vulnerabilidade da pessoa idosa, reforçando a necessidade de avaliação criteriosa de prescrições medicamentosas para essa população.

Abstract Objective To analyze the frequency of polypharmacy and the prescription of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM) according to the Beers Criteria and CBMPI in older adults with clinical-functional vulnerability. Method This is a cross-sectional study where the medical records of 496 participants aged 60 and older, seen in their first appointment at a Gerontological Polyclinic, were analyzed. Sociodemographic data, medications, the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20), and falls were extracted from the medical records. Polypharmacy was defined as the simultaneous use of five or more medications. Participants were classified into three groups: robust, at risk, and vulnerable. Results The analysis revealed that 69 (13.91%) participants were using polypharmacy. Among polypharmacy users, 40 (57.97%) were using at least one PIM. The most commonly found PIM were glibenclamide and omeprazole, respectively. Older adults with vulnerability were three times more likely to have polypharmacy (OR 3.59; 95% CI 2.109-6.092). Conclusion The use of polypharmacy and PIM in this study was associated with the vulnerability of older adults, emphasizing the need for a thorough evaluation of medication prescriptions for this population.

Potentially inappropriate medications with older people in intensive care and associated factors: a historic cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in critical care units remains limited, especially in terms of the factors associated with their use. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence and factors associated with PIMs use in intensive care units. DESIGN AND SETTING: Historical cohort study was conducted in a high-complexity hospital in Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 314 patients aged ≥ 60 years who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) at a high-complexity hospital in Brazil. The dates were extracted from a "Patient Safety Project" database. A Chi-square test, Student's t-test, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess which factors were associated with PIMs. The statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: According to Beers' criteria, 12.8% of the identified drugs were considered inappropriate for the elderly population. The incidence rate of PIMs use was 45.8%. The most frequently used PIMs were metoclopramide, insulin, antipsychotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and benzodiazepines. Factors associated with PIMs use were the number of medications (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17), length of hospital stay (OR = 1.07), and excessive potential drug interactions (OR = 2.43). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the older adults in ICUs received PIM. Patients taking PIMs had a longer length of stay in the ICU, higher numbers of medications, and higher numbers of potential drug interactions. In ICUs, the use of explicit methods combined with clinical judgment can contribute to the safety and quality of medication prescriptions.

Bastidores da prescrição de inibidores de bomba de prótons: uma pesquisa internacional sobre práticas e conhecimentos médicos / Behind the proton pump inhibitor prescription: an international survey on physician practices and knowledge

ABSTRACT Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed worldwide, often resulting in their overuse. Consequently, it is essential to identify the likely causes of this overuse to facilitate their appropriate prescription. Objective: This study aims to assess physician prescribing patterns, their knowledge of PPIs, and factors affecting their knowledge. Methods: An online survey was conducted among Latin American and Spanish physicians, collecting the following data: professional information, patterns of PPI usage, familiarity with published evidence, and the management approach in three hypothetical case-scenarios. Participant knowledge was categorized as sufficient or insufficient based on the results of the case scenarios. Subsequently, subgroup analysis was performed based on physician training level, years in practice, specialty, and time since the last PPI literature review. Results: A total of 371 physicians participated in the survey. Thirty-eight percent frequently prescribe PPIs, primarily for prophylactic purposes (57.9%). Eighty percent were unfamiliar with PPI deprescribing strategies, and 54.4% rarely reviewed the ongoing indication of patients taking a PPI. Sixty-four percent demonstrated sufficient knowledge in the case-scenarios. A significant association was observed between specialty type (medical vs surgical: 69.4% vs 46.8%, P<0.001), the timing of the PPI indication literature review (<5 years vs >5 years: 71.4% vs 58.7%, P=0.010), and sufficient knowledge. Conclusion: While most participants prescribed PPIs regularly and for prophylaxis purposes, the majority were unfamiliar with deprescribing strategies and rarely reviewed ongoing indications. Sufficient knowledge is correlated with recent literature reviews and medical specialty affiliation.

RESUMO Contexto: Os inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBPs) são amplamente prescritos em todo o mundo, muitas vezes resultando em seu uso excessivo. Consequentemente, é essencial identificar as prováveis causas desse uso excessivo para facilitar sua prescrição adequada. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o padrão de prescrição dos médicos, seu conhecimento sobre IBPs e fatores que afetam seu conhecimento. Métodos: Uma pesquisa on-line foi conduzida entre médicos latino-americanos e espanhóis, coletando os seguintes dados: informações profissionais, padrões de uso de IBP, familiaridade com evidências publicadas e abordagem de manejo em três casos-cenários hipotéticos. O conhecimento dos participantes foi categorizado em suficiente ou insuficiente com base nos resultados dos cenários de caso. Posteriormente, a análise de subgrupos foi realizada com base no nível de formação do médico, anos de prática, especialidade e tempo desde a última revisão da literatura dos IBPs. Resultados: Um total de 371 médicos participaram da pesquisa. Trinta e oito por cento prescrevem frequentemente IBP, principalmente para fins profiláticos (57,9%). Oitenta por cento não estavam familiarizados com as estratégias de prescrição de IBP, e 54,4% raramente revisaram a indicação contínua de pacientes em uso de IBP. Sessenta e quatro por cento demonstraram conhecimento suficiente nos cenários-caso. Observou-se associação significativa entre o tipo de especialidade (médica vs cirúrgica: 69,4% vs 46,8%, P<0,001), o momento da revisão da literatura de indicação do IBP (<5 anos vs >5 anos: 71,4% vs 58,7%, P=0,010) e conhecimento suficiente. Conclusão: Embora a maioria dos participantes prescrevesse IBPs regularmente e para fins de profilaxia, no entanto, não estava familiarizada com estratégias de prescrição e raramente revisava as indicações em andamento. O conhecimento suficiente está correlacionado com revisões recentes da literatura e afiliação à especialidade médica.

The influence of renally inappropriate medication on the frailty of elderly patients with diabetes / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of renally inappropriate medication （RIM） on the frailty of elderly patients with diabetes. METHODS The data of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to a third-grade class A hospital in Yunnan province from January to December 2022 were collected， and Beers criteria （2019 edition） and Chinese version of FRAIL scale were used to evaluate RIM and the frailty of the patients； the patients were divided into the trial group （with RIM） and the control group （without RIM） according to whether there was RIM. The propensity score matching was used to balance confounding factors between two groups， and the influence of RIM on the frailty of elderly diabetic patients was analyzed by the Logistic regression model. RESULTS Among the 367 patients， 80 patients （21.80%） had RIM， the drugs involved RIM were spironolactone （82.56%）， rivaroxaban （13.95%） and gabapentin （3.49%）. After reaching the balance between groups using the propensity score matching method， the incidence of frailty was 77.94% in trial group and 27.94% in control group （P＜0.001）； the difference was not statistically significant in other confounding factors between the two groups （P＞0.05）. Results of Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of frailty in the experimental group was 3.118 times that of the control group （odds ratio was 3.118，95% confidence interval was 1.758-5.530， P＜0.001）. CONCLUSIONS RIM is a risk factor for the frailty of elderly patients with diabetes， which can be considered as an indicator for early identification and screening of the frailty of elderly diabetes patients.

Urea como opción terapéutica en síndrome de antidiuresis inadecuada

El síndrome de antiduresis inadecuada (SADI) se produce por una alteración en el eje hipotálamo-neurohipófisis, por una falla en la respuesta regulatoria osmótica o por factores no osmóticos, con complicaciones en relación directa al grado de hiponatremia e impacto en la calidad de vida y mortalidad del paciente. El tratamiento consiste en la normalización de la natremia, y la búsqueda de la etiología. Presentamos el caso de un paciente adulto con el diagnóstico de SADI idiopático y trastorno neurocognitivo asociado, con respuesta favorable al tratamiento con urea.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is produced by an alteration in the hypothalamus-neurohypophysis axis due to a failure in the osmotic regulatory response or non-osmotic factors, with complications directly related to the degree of hyponatremia and impact on quality of life and patient mortality. Management consists of normalization of natremia, and the search for the underlying etiology. We present the case of an adult patient diagnosed with idiopathic SIAD and associated neurocognitive disorder, with a favorable response to treatment with urea.

To have done everything

When a patient loses decisional capacity, the responsibility to make treatment decisions often falls on a family member who becomes the surrogate decision-maker. This case study provides an example of a situation where the medical team and the surrogate decision-maker initially disagreed on the best course of action for the patient. The ethicist was called in to lead a guided conversation to help the team and the surrogate decision-maker reach a consensus. This case illustrates the importance of allowing the surrogate decision-maker to ask clarifying questions and process their emotions before making a decision.

Hiponatremia severa por meningitis tuberculosa: complicación frecuente pero olvidada

Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 55 años que ingresó por alteración del estado de conciencia por una hiponatremia severa secundaria a una meningitis tuberculosa. No hubo mejoría de la hiponatremia al tratamiento con solución salina hipertónica, por lo cual se planteó el diagnóstico de síndrome de secreción inapropiada de hormona antidiurética (SIADH) y se evidenció mejoría con la restricción hídrica. El interés del presente caso es reportar una complicación frecuente pero olvidada de la meningitis tuberculosa.

We present the case of a 55-year-old male patient who was admitted due to an altered state of consciousness due to severe hyponatremia secondary to tuberculous meningitis. There was no improvement in hyponatremia after treatment with hypertonic saline solution, therefore the diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) was proposed, and improvement was evidenced with fluid restriction. The interest of this case is to report a common but forgotten complication of tuberculous meningitis.

Prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas en pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina interna en un hospital de referencia en México / Potentially inappropriate prescriptions in geriatric patients hospitalized in the internal medicine department of a referral hospital in Mexico

Resumen Antecedentes: Una prescripción potencialmente inapropiada (PPI) constituye un riesgo de presentar efectos adversos por un fármaco que superan los beneficios de este, pudiendo considerarse como uso inadecuado de medicamentos. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas en pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina interna de un hospital de referencia en México. Material y métodos: Diseño descriptivo transversal, con asignación simple de expedientes clínicos de pacientes hospitalizados mayores de 65 años, entre enero de 2016 y agosto de 2017. Se aplicaron los criterios STOPP y START para identificar el número de PPI, cantidad de medicamentos prescritos, presencia, cantidad y tipo de comorbilidades, así como días de estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de 73.3 % de PPI y las principales comorbilidades fueron hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se cuantificaron 1885 medicamentos prescritos; la estancia hospitalaria media fue de 6.3 días. Conclusiones: Se identificó alta prevalencia de PPI en los pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados, de ahí la importancia de aplicar los criterios STOPP y START y del papel del farmacéutico en la validación de la prescripción antes de la administración de medicamentos.

Abstract Background: Potentially inappropriate prescription (PIP) constitutes a risk for the development of adverse effects of a drug that outweigh its benefits, which can be considered inappropriate medication use. Objective: To describe the prevalence of PIP in geriatric patients hospitalized at the internal medicine department of a referral hospital in Mexico. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive design, with simple allocation of medical records from patients older than 65 years hospitalized between January 2016 and August 2017. The STOPP/START criteria were applied to identify the number of PIPs, the number of prescribed medications, number and type of comorbidities, as well as days of hospital stay. Results: A prevalence of PIP of 73.3% was identified, with main comorbidities being hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 1,885 prescribed medications were quantified; mean hospital stay was 6.3 days. Conclusions: A high prevalence of PIP was identified in hospitalized geriatric patients, hence the importance of applying the STOPP/START criteria and of the role of the pharmacist for validating the prescription prior to drug administration.

Flexible flatfoot in the childhood: negative influence of inappropriate footwear

An analysis was carried out in relation to the adverse effects produced by the use of inadequately made footwear in patients with flexible flat feet in pediatric ages; we carried out an anatomical-functional reminder of the foot as a basic structure for standing and walking. The functional adaptability of the feet was valued in those populations with the habit of walking barefoot, also making a description of the basic characteristics that a properly made footwear must have. We address the different therapeutic approaches and their behavior over time. We highlight the widespread use in our society of inappropriate footwear, mainly of the flip-flop type, and its negative influence on the feet of those children with flexible flat feet and valgus of the ankle.

Se llevó a cabo un análisis en relación a los efectos adversos producidos por el uso de calzados de confección inadecuada en los pacientes portadores de pies planos flexibles en edades pediátricas. Se realizó un recordatorio anatomo-funcional del pie como estructura básica para la bipedestación y la marcha. Se valoró la adaptabilidad funcional de los pies en aquellas poblaciones con hábito de andar descalzos, haciéndose, además, una descripción de las características básica que debe reunir un calzado adecuadamente confeccionado. Se abordó los diferentes enfoques terapéuticos y su comportamiento en el tiempo, destacando el uso generalizado en la sociedad cubana de calzados inapropiados, principalmente del tipo chancletas, y su influencia negativa sobre los pies de aquellos niños con pies planos flexibles y tobillo valgo.

Research hotspots and trends on potentially inappropriate medication from 2012 to 2021 / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the progress of potentially inappropriate medication （PIM） research by means of bibliometrics， and to predict the hotspots and trends of PIM， so as to provide reference for PIM research in China. METHODS The research literature related to PIM were searched from Web of Science core database， and the publication trend of the literature was analyzed on the bibliometric online analysis platform and CiteSpace 5.8.R3 software. The research results were visualized and analyzed， and the research hotspots of PIM were summarized through gCLUTO. RESULTS About PIM research， the annual number of the literature issued from 2012 to 2021 showed a continuous growth trend totally； the United States had the largest number of literature （241 pieces）； the University of Sydney in Australia was the research institution with the largest number of literature （59 pieces）； O’Mahony D from University College Cork， Ireland， published the most literature （23 pieces）； the research of PIM involved 57 disciplines， among which there was the largest number of literature about gerontology （384 pieces）； International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy was the journal with the largest number of literature （61 pieces）； Journal of the American Geriatrics Society was cited most frequently （1 197 times）. The hotspots of PIM research mainly focused on seven aspects： the standard of PIM， the safety and economy research of PIM， the risk factors research of PIM， the PIM research of chronic patients， the PIM research of antipsychotics， the research of pharmacists’ participation in PIM management， and the PIM research about palliative care of tumor patients. CONCLUSIONS The heat of research on PIM has been on the rise， and there is little cooperation between countries and institutions， and more cooperation is needed. In the future， the focus of Chinese pharmacists’ research on PIM may be on the deep localization of PIM standards， PIM intervention and precise medication guidance， and PIM management of specific diseases and drugs.

Analysis of influential factors for potentially inappropriate medication in elderly cancer patients / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the influential factors for potentially inappropriate medication （PIM） in elderly cancer patients. METHODS The data of elderly cancer patients hospitalized in a hospital from January to December 2021 were collected. According to the Beers standard of the American Geriatrics Society in 2019 （hereinafter referred to as the “2019 version of Beers standard”） and Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Drug Use in Chinese Elderly （2017 version） （hereinafter referred to as the “Chinese PIM standard”）， the PIM status of elderly cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify influential factors for PIM. RESULTS A total of 293 patients were included in the study. According to the 2019 version of Beers standard， 211 patients （72.01%） had PIM， of which 204 （69.62%） had PIM related to drugs， 6 （2.05%） had PIM related to diseases or symptoms， 46 （15.70%） had PIM that should be used with caution， 32 （10.92%） had PIM with drug-drug interaction that should be avoided， and 11 （3.75%） had PIM based on renal function； the top 5 drugs in the list of incidence were proton pump inhibitors， metoclopramide， the first-generation antihistamines as promethazine， analgesics as ibuprofen and megestrol. According to the Chinese PIM standard， there were 132 patients （45.05%） with PIM， of which 119 （40.61%） had PIM related to drugs， involving 25 drugs （included 7 high-risk drugs and 18 low-risk drugs）， and 24 （8.19%） with PIM in disease status； top 4 drugs in the list of incidence were promethazine， megestrol， ibuprofen and cimetidine. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with patients with hospital stay≤10 days， patients with hospital 20054） stay between 11 and 30 days had a higher risk of PIM [odds ratio （OR）＝8.836 8， 95% confidence interval （CI） （3.217 8， 31.940 9）， P＝0.000 1]； compared with the patients with the 65895198。E-mail：fjman@cmpt.ac.cn number of clinical disease diagnosed≤5， patients with the number of clinical disease diagnosed≥11 had a higher risk of PIM [OR＝10.930 1， 95%CI （3.000 9， 70.922 9）， P＝0.001 8]； compared with surgical treatment， patients receiving antineoplastic drugs had a higher risk of PIM [OR＝2.209 5， 95%CI （1.180 2， 4.176 9）， P＝0.013 6]. CONCLUSIONS Elderly cancer patients have multiple diseases， complicated medication， and a high incidence of PIM. The length of hospital stay （11-30 d）， the number of clinical disease diagnosed （≥11） and anti-tumor drugs are main influential factors for PIM in patients.

Assessment and comparison of anticholinergic exposure in older adults at a Basic Health Unit in Porto Alegre / Avaliação e comparação da exposição anticolinérgica em idosos de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Porto Alegre

Objectives: To estimate the anticholinergic burden in geriatric patients using two scales and to assess the degree of agreement between them. Methods: Data from an observational study conducted in a primary health care service were used. Anticholinergic burden was assessed using the Belgian Scale Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure Scale and the Brazilian Scale of Medicines with Anticholinergic Activity. The cumulative anticholinergic burden score was classified using a categorical approach: Brazilian scale (0: none; 1 ­ 2: low; ≥ 3: high) and Belgian scale (0: none; 0.5 ­ 1.5: low; ≥ 2: high). The degree of agreement between the two instruments was obtained through Cohen's kappa coefficient. Results: A total of 374 older people were included, most of them female and aged between 60 and 69 years. At least one potentially inappropriate drug with anticholinergic activity was used by 60.70% of patients according to the Brazilian scale and 32.89% by the Belgian scale. On average, 20.85% were under high anticholinergic exposure. Overall, on both scales, the most commonly recurrent medications were those indicated for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Agreement between the scales was moderate (Kappa = 0.43). Conclusions: A high percentage of older adults was exposed to drugs with an anticholinergic burden, posing risks to health and quality of life. Consensus is needed on how anticholinergic burden is calculated by these scores, as well as standardization of the list of included drugs.

Objetivos: Estimar a carga anticolinérgica em idosos com base em duas escalas e avaliar o grau de concordância entre estas. Metodologia: Foram utilizados dados de um estudo observacional realizado em um serviço de atenção primária. A carga anticolinérgica foi avaliada pela escala belga Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure Scale e da Escala Brasileira de Medicamentos com Atividade Anticolinérgica. A pontuação da carga anticolinérgica cumulativa foi classificada utilizando uma abordagem categórica: escala brasileira (0: nenhuma, 1 ­ 2: baixa, ≥ 3: alta) e escala belga (0: nenhuma, 0,5 ­ 1,5: baixa, ≥ 2: alta). O grau de concordância entre as duas ferramentas foi obtido por meio do coeficiente Capa de Cohen. Resultados: Foram incluídos 374 idosos, a maioria do sexo feminino e com idade entre 60 a 69 anos. O uso de pelo menos um medicamento potencialmente inapropriado com atividade anticolinérgica foi verificado em 60,70% dos idosos com a aplicação da escala brasileira e em 32,89% com a escala belga. Em média, 20.85% estavam sob alta exposição anticolinérgica. De modo geral, os medicamentos mais recorrentes, para ambas as escalas, foram os indicados para o tratamento de transtornos psiquiátricos. A concordância entre as escalas foi moderada (Capa = 0,43). Conclusão: Um percentual elevado de idosos estava exposto a medicamentos com carga anticolinérgica, representando riscos para a saúde e a qualidade de vida. É necessário um consenso sobre como calcular a carga anticolinérgica nos diferentes escores, bem como a padronização da lista de medicamentos incluídos.

Potentially inappropriate prescribing among older patients and associated factors: comparison of two versions of STOPP/START criteria

Abstract The study aimed to estimate and compare the prevalence and type of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and potential prescribing omissions (PPOs) between the STOPP/START original (v1) and updated version (v2) among older patients in various settings, as well as associated factors. The study included 440 patients attending a community pharmacy, 200 outpatients and 140 nursing home users. An increase in the prevalence of STOPP v2 (57.9%) compared to v1 (56.2%) was not statistically significant in the total sample and within each setting (p>0.05). A decrease in the prevalence of START v1 (55.8%) to v2 (41.2%) was statistically significant (p<0.001) in the total sample and within each setting (p<0.05). Drug indication (32.9%) and fall-risk medications (32.2%) were most commonly identified for STOPP v2, while cardiovascular system criteria (30.5%) were the most frequently detected for START v2. The number of medications was the strongest predictor for both STOPP v1 and v2, with odds ratio values of 1.35 and 1.34, respectively. Patients' characteristics associated with the occurrence of STOPP and START criteria were identified. According to both STOPP/START versions, the results indicate a substantial rate of potentially inappropriate prescribing among elderly patients. The prevalence of PIMs was slightly higher with the updated version, while the prevalence of PPOs was significantly lower

Sobrevida de pessoas idosas hospitalizadas com uso prévio de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados / Survival of hospitalized older adults with prior use of potentially inappropriate medicine

Resumo Objetivos Neste estudo prospectivo, avaliamos o impacto do uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados prescritos antes da internação (PIM-ph) na mortalidade de idosos. Métodos Foram incluídos 318 pacientes com idade ≥ 65 anos que procuraram atendimento de emergência e foram internados por qualquer motivo clínico. As informações sobre os indicadores clínicos e sociais foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas estruturadas, 24 a 48 horas após a internação. Os medicamentos usados por esses pacientes foram registrados e o uso de PIM-ph foi identificado pela análise brasileira baseada em consenso de uso de PIM. A análise considerou a influência de todo conjunto de PIM-ph, bem como de alguns PIM-ph específicos. O impacto do uso de PIM-ph na sobrevida de idosos hospitalizados foi determinado por meio da análise multivariada de regressão de Cox. Resultados A prevalência de PIM-ph foi 49,7% (n = 158). Um total de 85 (26,7%) pacientes faleceram durante a internação ou até 30 dias após a alta. Dezoito classes farmacológicas de uso de PIM-ph foram identificadas. O uso de PIM-ph, benzodiazepínico (IC: 1.055-3.365, p= 0.032), digoxina (IC: 1.623-7.048, p=0.001) e diuréticos de alça (IC: 1.000-3.455, p=0.05) aumentou o risco relativo de mortalidade independente de sexo, idade, causas clínicas de hospitalização, risco de fragilidade, suporte social, presença de sintomas de confusão, polifarmácia e evolução intra-hospitalar de complicações geriátricas. Conclusão O uso de PIM-ph (Benzodiazepínicos, digoxina e diuréticos de alça) pode contribuir para o risco de mortalidade em idosos hospitalizados. Esses resultados podem ser relevantes no manejo e cuidado terapêutico de pacientes hospitalizados.

Abstract Objectives We aimed to evaluate the impact of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed prior to hospitalization (PIM-ph) on the mortality Methods We included 318 patients, aged ≥65 who sought emergency care and were hospitalized for any clinical reasons. Information on patients' clinical and social indicators was obtained via structured interviews conducted 24 to 48 hours after hospitalization. All medications used by older adults prior to hospitalization were recorded, and PIM-ph were identified using the Brazilian PIM Consensus. The study considered the influence of the entire set of PIM-ph and specific PIM-ph used by these patients. The impact of PIM-ph use during hospitalization and after 30 days of this event was statistically determined by multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, which included sex, age, and other clinical and functional indicators as intervening variables. Results The prevalence of PIM-ph use was 49.7% (n=158). A total of 85 (26.7%) patients died during hospitalization or within 30 days after discharge. Eighteen pharmacological classes of PIM-ph use were identified. The use of total PIM-ph, benzodiazepines (IC: 1.055-3.365, p= 0.032), digoxin(IC: 1.623-7.048, p=0.001), and loop diuretics (IC: 1.000-3.455, p=0.05) increased the relative risk of mortality independent of sex, age, clinical causes of hospitalization, frailty risk, social support, presence of confusion symptoms, polypharmacy, and in-hospital evolution of geriatric complications. Conclusion PIM-ph use, especially benzodiazepines, digoxin, and loop diuretics, could contribute to mortality risk in hospitalized older adults. These results could be relevant in the management and therapeutic care of hospitalized patients.

Análise da automedicação pediátrica em pacientes atendidos em hospital de alta complexidade / Analysis of pediatric self-medication in patients treated at a highcomplexity hospital

A automedicação pediátrica ocorre quando pais ou responsáveis usam medicamentos sem prescrição para tratar doenças ou sintomas reconhecidos nas crianças. Analisar o perfil da automedicação pediátrica em um hospital de alta complexidade no interior do Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo transversal baseado na técnica de entrevista, realizado com 135 pais/responsáveis de crianças com idade entre 0 a 12 anos que procuraram atendimento hospitalar entre novembro de 2020 e março de 2021. Observou-se uma prevalência de automedicação de 60%. Quanto à frequência, 43,2% dos entrevistados relataram realizar às vezes. Destes, a maioria era: mãe (94,3%; p<0,0001), com 17 a 27 anos (48,6%; p<0,0001) e renda familiar de menos de 1 salário mínimo (57,1%; p=0,020); 59,3% apontaram como motivo considerar o problema de saúde simples. A principal causa da automedicação foi a febre e os medicamentos mais utilizados foram analgésicos e antipiréticos. A predominância da automedicação pediátrica pelas mães deve-se à experiência com seus outros filhos. Além disso, as condições socioeconômicas influenciaram as práticas errôneas da automedicação, pois as famílias que não possuem recursos para a consulta e compra dos fármacos acabam optando pela autoadministração. O uso indiscriminado de medicações deve ser reprimido, pois, a depender da dose, consequências graves podem ocorrer às crianças. Destaca-se a importância da equipe multiprofissional de saúde durante uma consulta pediátrica, com médicos, enfermeiros e farmacêuticos repassando aos pais informações a respeito dos medicamentos, seus benefícios e riscos, desestimulando a prática nesta faixa populacional e reduzindo os erros de medicação.

Pediatric self-medication occurs when parents or guardians use over-the-counter medications to treat recognized illnesses or symptoms in children. To analyze the profile of pediatric self-medication in a high-complexity hospital in the interior of Ceará. This is a cross-sectional study based on the interview technique, carried out with 135 parents/guardians of children aged 0 to 12 years old who sought hospital care between November 2020 and March 2021. There was a prevalence of self-medication of 60%. As for frequency, 43.2% of respondents reported doing it sometimes. Of these, the majority were: mothers (94.3%; p<0.0001); aged 17 to 27 years old (48.6%; p<0.0001); family income of less than 1 minimum wage (57.1 %; p=0.020); and 59.3% indicated that their reason for medicating was that they considered the health problem as simple. The main cause of self-medication was fever, and the most used drugs were analgesics and antipyretics. The predominance of pediatric self-medication by mothers is due to their experience with their other children. In addition, socioeconomic conditions influenced the erroneous practices of self-medication, as families that do not have the resources to consult and purchase drugs end up opting for self-administration. The indiscriminate use of medications must be repressed, because, depending on the dose, serious consequences can occur to children. The importance of a multidisciplinary health team during a pediatric consultation is highlighted, with doctors, nurses, and pharmacists providing parents with information about medication, their benefits and risks, discouraging the practice in this population group and reducing medication errors.

Encefalitis límbica asociada a secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Limbic encephalitis associated with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A case report and literature review / Encefalite límbica associada à secreção inapropriada de hormônio antidiurético. Relato de caso e revisão da literatura

La encefalitis límbica (EL) autoinmune es una afección neurológica infrecuente de curso subagudo con manifestaciones neuropsicológicas. Actualmente el tratamiento inmunoterápico agudo o de mantenimiento es dirigido según el anticuerpo neural acompañante y la presencia o ausencia de cáncer. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 52 años con hipotiroidismo autoinmune, síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética (SIADH) e hiponatremia (hipoNa) persistente, con evolución progresiva de perdida de la memoria y crisis distónicas faciobraquiales (DFBC) a quien se le realiza un diagnóstico oportuno de encefalitis límbica. Recibió tratamiento intravenoso combinado en base a corticoides e inmunoglobulina con buena respuesta y morbilidad mínima neuropsicológica. El reconocimiento de esta patología permite un diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano, imprescindible para mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a rather unusual neurological condition with subacute progression and neuropsychological symptoms. Currently, acute or maintenance treatment with immunotherapy is targeted depending on the accompanying neural specific antibody and the presence or absence of cancer. The study presents the case of a 52-year-old woman suffering from autoimmune hypothyroidism, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) and persistent hyponatremia, with progressive evolution which involved memory loss and faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS). She was timely diagnosed with limbic encephalitis and was treated with intravenous combined corticosteroids and immunoglobulin therapy. Response was good, with minimum neuropsychological. Recognizing this condition allows for early diagnosis and treatment, what is key to improve the prognosis of these patients.

A encefalite límbica (LE) autoimune é uma condição neurológica rara de curso subagudo com manifestações neuropsiquiátrica. Atualmente, o tratamento com imunoterapia aguda ou de manutenção é orientado de acordo com o anticorpo neural e a presença ou ausência de câncer. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 52 anos com hipotireoidismo autoimune, síndrome de secreção inapropriada de hormônio antidiurético e hiponatremia persistente, com evolução progressiva da perda de memória e crises distônicas faciobraquiais que foi diagnosticada oportunamente como encefalite límbica. Recebeu tratamento endovenoso combinado à base de corticoide e imunoglobulina com boa resposta e morbidade neuropsiquiátrica mínima. O reconhecimento desta patologia permite um diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, essenciais para melhorar o prognóstico desses pacientes.

Medication package inserts do not present adequate information on potential risks for older adults in Brazil / Bulas de medicamentos não apresentam informações adequadas sobre potenciais riscos para idosos no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To compare information on the risks of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older adults in the Beers criteria with data in the package inserts made available by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional study that compared information on the package inserts of 33 brand-name drugs in the Brazilian market with specific recommendations for older adults contemplated in the Beers criteria, categorizing them into: complete, incomplete, absent, or discrepant. RESULTS: Among the analyzed package inserts, 21.21% did not present a specific section dedicated to the use of these drugs by older adults and data were scattered throughout the text; 63.64% were classified as incomplete; 33.33% lacked data; and 3.03% had discrepant information. CONCLUSION: The analyzed package inserts presented incomplete data or lacked information characterizing the drugs as PIMs for older adults. This study demonstrated that some package inserts of drugs used in Brazil are not satisfactory, warranting higher caution in the medical community when prescribing these medications and guiding patients

OBJETIVO: Comparar as informações sobre os riscos de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPIs) para idosos contidas nos critérios Beers com as informações presentes nas bulas para profissionais de saúde disponibilizadas pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária no Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional e transversal que comparou informações das bulas para profissionais de saúde de 33 medicamentos de referência no mercado brasileiro com recomendações específicas para idosos contempladas nos critérios Beers e que foram categorizadas em: completas, incompletas, ausentes ou discrepantes. RESULTADOS: Dentre as bulas dos MPIs analisadas, 21,21% não apresentam seção específica destinada ao uso desses medicamentos por idosos, nas quais as informações estão dispersas pelo texto; 63,64% delas foram classificadas como incompletas; 33,33% tinham informações ausentes; e 3,03% com informações discrepantes. CONCLUSÃO: As bulas analisadas apresentaram dados incompletos ou não apresentam qualquer informação que caracterizasse o medicamento como MPI para idosos. Este estudo demonstra que algumas bulas de medicamentos utilizados no Brasil não estão satisfatórias, sugerindo maior cautela à comunidade médica na prescrição e na orientação aos seus pacientes

Polifarmacia y prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente no apropiados en adultos mayores hospitalizados

Introducción: las prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas en ancianos es un hecho común, tanto en el ámbito comunitario como hospitalario, dada su frecuencia elevada de comorbilidad grave y polifarmacia, y conlleva importantes repercusiones clínicas y económicas. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de polifarmacia y de prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente no apropiados en adultos mayores. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, de series de casos, en adultos mayores hospitalizados en el hogar de ancianos "Lidia Doce Sánchez" de Bayamo entre 1ro de septiembre de 2018 al 1ro de septiembre de 2019. La información se obtuvo del análisis de las historias clínicas y la aplicación de los criterios de STOPP/START. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, se utilizaron pruebas de contrastación de hipótesis y se determinó la razón de prevalencia para determinar los factores asociados. Resultados: fueron frecuentes los pacientes con edades iguales o superiores a 75 años; del sexo masculino; con grado de instrucción primaria; con estado civil soltero y desnutrido. El promedio de comorbilidades por paciente fue de 4,2 ± 2,5; encontrándose como las principales afecciones las enfermedades cardiovasculares. La polifarmacia fue frecuente. La relación de riesgo frente a las potenciales prescripciones inadecuadas de medicamentos es con la edad avanzada, nivel de instrucción baja, comorbilidad, malnutrición y polimedicación. Las potenciales omisiones en la prescripción relacionan con la edad avanzada. Las potenciales interacciones medicamentosas aumentan su probabilidad de presentación con edad avanzada, un nivel bajo de instrucción, la desnutrición, la comorbilidad y la polimedicación. Conclusiones: se constató elevada polifarmacia y prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente no apropiados en los adultos mayores.

Introduction: potentially inappropriate prescription in the elderly is a common occurrence, both in the community and hospital settings, given its high frequency of severe comorbidity and polypharmacy, and has significant clinical and economic repercussions. Objective: to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy and the prescription of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults. Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study of case series was carried out in older adults hospitalized in the "Lidia Doce Sánchez" nursing home in Bayamo between September 1, 2018 and September 1, 2019. The information was obtained from the analysis of clinical records and the application of the STOPP/START criteria. The analysis of the data was carried out through descriptive statistics, hypothesis contrast tests were used and the prevalence ratio was determined to determine the associated factors. Results: patients with ages equal to or greater than 75 years were frequent; of the male sex; with a primary education degree; with single marital status and malnourished. The average number of comorbidities per patient was 4.2 ± 2.5; being found as the main affections cardiovascular diseases. Polypharmacy was frequent. The risk relationship against potential inappropriate drug prescriptions is with advanced age, low level of education, comorbidity, malnutrition and polypharmacy. The potential omissions in the prescription are related to advanced age. Potential drug interactions increase the probability of presentation with advanced age, low level of education, malnutrition, comorbidity and polypharmacy. Conclusions: high polypharmacy and prescription of potentially inappropriate medications were found in older adults.

Introdução: prescrições potencialmente inadequadas em idosos é uma ocorrência comum, tanto na comunidade quanto no hospital, dada a sua alta frequência de comorbidades graves e polifarmácia, e acarreta importantes repercussões clínicas e econômicas. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de polifarmácia e prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados em idosos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico de série de casos em idosos hospitalizados no lar de idosos "Lidia Doce Sánchez", em Bayamo, entre 1º de setembro de 2018 e 1º de setembro de 2019. As informações foram obtidas a partir da análise dos prontuários e da aplicação dos critérios STOPP/START. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva, teste de hipóteses e razão de prevalência foi determinada para determinar os fatores associados. Resultados: pacientes com 75 anos ou mais foram frequentes; macho; com o ensino fundamental; com estado civil solteiro e desnutrido. O número médio de comorbidades por paciente foi de 4,2 ± 2,5; sendo encontradas como principais afecções as doenças cardiovasculares. A polifarmácia era frequente. A razão de risco para potenciais prescrições inadequadas de medicamentos é com idade avançada, baixa escolaridade, comorbidade, desnutrição e polimedicação. As possíveis omissões na prescrição referem-se à idade avançada. Potenciais interações medicamentosas aumentam sua probabilidade de se apresentar com idade avançada, baixo nível de escolaridade, desnutrição, comorbidade e polimedicação. Conclusões: alta polifarmácia e prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados foram encontrados em idosos.

Status quo of knowledge, attitudes and practice of general practitioners on potentially inappropriate medication in the elderly in Shanxi Province and relevant factors / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practice of general practitioners on potentially inappropriate medication(PIM)in the elders in Shanxi Province and to explore its relevant factors.Methods:A cross-sectional survey on knowledge, attitudes and practice of general practitioners on PIM in the elders was conducted from January to February 2021. A self-designed questionnaire was used for the survey, which included the basic information of general practitioners and the knowledge, attitudes and practice of elderly PIM. The convenient sampling method was used to select 16 primary, secondary and tertiary hospitals from the general practice alliance units in Shanxi Province, and 257 general practitioners in the selected hospital were recruited as the research objects. The related factors were investigated by univariate regression and multiple stepwise linear regression analyses.Results:A total of 257 questionnaires were distributed, and 248 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 96.5%. The scores of elderly PIM knowledge, attitudes and behavior of 248 general practitioners were (31.4±9.2), (32.9±4.6) and (34.9±8.3), respectively, with the scoring rates of 62.8% (31.4/50.0), 82.3% (32.9/40.0) and 69.8% (34.9/50.0). The total score was (99.2±16.3), and the total score rate was 70.9% (99.2/140.0). There was a statistically significant difference in the total score of elderly PIM knowledge, attitudes and practice among general practitioners with different educational background, work units, professional title, awareness level of PIM and needs for PIM training( F=6.14,4.39 and 5.38, t=2.97 and 2.62, all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that general practitioners with undergraduate and graduate education and higher professional titles had better knowledge, attitudes and practice of PIM ( t=2.69, 2.98 and 2.36, all P<0.05), and general practitioners without knowledge of PIM and no needs for PIM training had worse knowledge, attitudes and practice of PIM ( t=-2.96 and -2.09, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The knowledge, attitudes and behavior intervention of general practitioners on elderly PIM needs to be improved. It is necessary to strengthen the elderly PIM knowledge and skill training for general practitioners with low educational background, lower professional titles without awareness and training of PIM.

Research progress on coping strategies of unreasonable drug use in the elderly / 中华老年医学杂志

Irrational drug use is common and inevitable in the elderly population, which leads to the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, the increase of hospital readmission rate and related mortality rate, and the increase of medical economic burden.Therefore, it is imperative to reduce irrational drug use, and the standardized drug prescription has become a new challenge for clinicians and pharmacists.Accurate detection method of irrational drug use, practical and effective drug use scheme, and intervention measures are the key to guide rational drug use in clinical practice.Mainly in terms of risk factors of irrational drug use, the status quo and its coping strategies, this paper reviews the research status at home and abroad in order to reduce irrational drug use in the elderly, reduce drug risk, and improve medication environment for the elderly.